Constitutional framework
The 1992 constitution provides for a multiparty republic with a president as head of state and a vice president. The president is elected for a term of four years (with the possibility of reelection for one further term) by universal adult suffrage. There is a broadly based Council of State with deliberative and advisory functions as well as a unicameral Parliament, whose members are directly elected to four-year terms. The president appoints the cabinet, which averages between 20 and 25 members.
Dating to the period of British colonial rule, chieftaincy and the traditional political authorities have tended to run along parallel lines with the central government. Since independence, this tendency has persisted or even expanded, and the institution of chieftaincy has become increasingly divorced from the exercise of real political power at almost all levels of government; its role now is largely ceremonial.
Local government
Ghana is divided into 16 regions—Ahafo, Ashanti, Bono, Bono East, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, North East, Northern, Oti, Savannah, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western, and Western North—which are further subdivided into districts. The 1992 constitution provided for elected District Assemblies, to which government-appointed members and an appointed District Chief Executive are added. However, district and local government members are not to have political party affiliation.
Justice
The judicial system is based chiefly on the English model, but Ghanaian customary law is recognized as well as English common law. The administration of justice is handled by various courts divided into two groups: the superior courts, consisting of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and the High Court; and inferior courts, consisting of the circuit courts, the district courts, and other courts provided by law, such as the juvenile courts. The adjudicating authorities in chieftaincy and purely traditional matters are the regional and National House of Chiefs. Appeals from decisions of the National House of Chiefs are made directly to the Supreme Court.
Political process
Ghana has a long, albeit interrupted, history of political parties. The most significant parties to form prior to independence were the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) and the Convention Peoples’ Party (CPP), the latter of which, under the helm of Ghana’s first prime minister and president, Kwame Nkrumah, became the sole political party for a time during the 1960s. Political parties were often banned in the period between 1966 to 1991, during which Ghana experienced multiple coups and military regimes. Since the reintroduction of multiparty politics in 1992, there have been many political parties, of which the National Democratic Congress (NDC) and the New Patriotic Party (NPP) have dominated.
Women have had the right to vote and stand for election since 1954, when Ghana was still a British colony. After independence, 10 women had seats in the national legislature in 1960, accounting for almost 10 percent of the body. Since then, the percentage of women in the legislature has ranged from about 1 to 15 percent, with the highest percentages resulting after parliamentary elections in the 2020s. The first woman elected as vice president of Ghana was Naana Jane Opoku-Agyemang, who took office in January 2025.
Security
Ghana’s military comprises an army, a navy, and an air force. The army is by far the largest branch of the armed forces. Ghanaian troops have participated in several missions as United Nations Peacekeeping Forces.
Health and welfare
Major health problems in Ghana include communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Since independence, many improvements have been made in nutrition and in maternal and child care, areas in which inadequate services had previously contributed to many health issues. Many of the endemic diseases, such as malaria, pneumonia, and diseases of the gastroenteritis group, which formerly took a heavy toll of life, have been brought under a measure of control as a result of improved hygiene, better drugs, and education. Although AIDS is present in the country, Ghana has made strides in combatting the disease. The reported HIV infection rate is similar to or lower than many other countries in Africa.
There are hospitals and clinics provided by the government and by various Christian missions in most parts of the country. Supplementary services consist of health centers, dispensaries, and dressing stations (first-aid centers). Considerable progress has been made in the quantity and quality of health facilities and medical personnel, but rapid population growth continues to impose great pressures on the available facilities. In addition to the large number of doctors in the public service, many private practitioners operate their own clinics and hospitals. Registered doctors and dentists are supported by a paramedical staff of nurses, midwives, and pharmacists, as well as by auxiliaries.
