Bull markets can’t last forever

The market has posted one of its best-ever stretches over the past four years. After falling nearly 20% in 2022, the S&P 500 (^GSPC +0.54%) has doubled. That's the power of investing and the magic of compounding.

But the market isn't a one-way ticket to riches. It goes up and down, and that can challenge hopeful investors. As the S&P 500 has expanded, so has its valuation. And as investing legend Warren Buffett has pointed out, "stocks can't outperform businesses indefinitely."

The CAPE ratio, or cyclical-adjusted P/E ratio, measures the average S&P 500 P/E ratio adjusted for inflation over time. This is the number that tells investors how expensive stocks are relative to their businesses, and it's been back-calculated going back to 1879. Since then, the average has been 17.8, and there have been only two times that it's crossed 40. It first crossed that threshold in January 1999, and it continued to rise until reaching a record of 44 in January 2000. The second time it surpassed 40 was in May of this year.

However, the market is still thriving; the S&P 500 is up 12%, and the Nasdaq-100 is up 16% so far this year.

Here's what happened last time and what investors can do to prepare for what history suggests might happen next.

In 1999, investors had a whole year to consider whether to diversify out of the hot tech stocks that were fueling a strong bull run. But the S&P 500 gained 20% in 1999 as the dot-com era reached a peak,and many investors weren't prepared when the market plunged. That was followed by a three-year period when the S&P 500 lost more than 40% of its value, and the Nasdaq-100 lost almost three-quarters.

Even if the CAPE ratio wasn't near its highest level ever, investors must keep in mind that bull markets can't last forever. Whether it happens this year or sometime further out, a crash is coming, and investors should own resilient stocks that can withstand volatility.

However, bear markets have historically been much shorter than bull markets, which is why, no matter what happens, you should be prepared to stick it out and not panic sell.

ExpandIndexS&P 500 IndexToday's Change(0.54%) +41.41Index Level7,753.98Key Data PointsDay's Range7,709.34 – 7,754.2152wk Range6,316.91 – 7,844.52 For example, since the market bottomed out and started climbing in 2003 , the S&P 500 has gained 771%. That includes a major crash in 2008, when the market lost more than 57% of its value, and the COVID-19 crash, when it dropped 34%. If you'd stayed in the market, you'd be a lot richer today. And if there's a market crash on the way, stay invested, and you're likely to be well rewarded.

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