Global conversations about artificial intelligence have been framed around the contest between the United States and China, as if innovation can only emerge from Beijing, Silicon Valley, or a narrow band of Western laboratories. Yet as the digital era accelerates, a quieter transformation is reshaping the Global South. Across Africa and the Middle East, governments are positioning AI as a foundational tool for economic renewal, state capacity, and geopolitical relevance. The recent announcement by the United Arab Emirates to invest $1 billion into AI projects across Africa is not merely an act of development cooperation, it signals the emergence of a new, South-South technological axis.
The UAE’s commitment, unveiled at the G20 summit in Johannesburg, places artificial intelligence at the centre of Africa’s development trajectory. But the significance of the initiative lies not only in its financial scale; it lies in its timing. Africa’s major policy debates, industrialisation, agricultural productivity, energy transition, public health, and education, are increasingly tied to data systems, machine learning, and digital infrastructure. Meanwhile, African states face the structural disadvantage of entering the AI race decades after the West, without legacy institutions or capital-intensive research ecosystems.
The Middle East, and particularly the UAE, finds itself in a different position. The region has spent the past decade building sovereign digital capabilities at state level, investing heavily in cloud infrastructure, chip capacity, and supercomputing. Unlike Western markets where private venture capital drives AI innovation, Gulf states have adopted a state-led approach: ambitious national strategies backed by sovereign wealth funds with long-term horizons. This combination of capital, political centralisation, and visionary planning has created an AI ecosystem designed to leapfrog, not follow. For Africa, the question is not whether AI will shape development, but who its partners will be.
A New Mode of Development Cooperation
What makes the UAE’s $1 billion pledge different from traditional development initiatives is its strategic architecture. The programme will be led by the Abu Dhabi Exports Office and integrated into the country’s broader foreign assistance framework, which has channelled more than AED152 billion in aid to Africa since the 1970s. But unlike old models of aid tied to procurement or humanitarian relief, the AI initiative centres on digital sovereignty, productivity, and long-term resilience.
This matters. Africa’s biggest development constraints—limited manufacturing bases, fragmented infrastructure, and governance bottlenecks—cannot be solved by analogue tools. AI-powered systems can modernise customs management, optimise power grids, enhance crop forecasting, expand digital finance, and strengthen early-warning systems for everything from disease outbreaks to climate shocks. Western donors have rarely framed Africa’s development through these systems-level tools, often focusing on social services rather than productivity. The UAE’s approach is different: technology first, capacity building second, and long-term partnership third.
The initiative promises access to AI computing power, specialised expertise, and global partnerships—resources African nations have struggled to secure as the world’s tech giants concentrate compute and data in the Global North. In an era when computational capacity has become more valuable than natural resources, the UAE’s intervention disrupts traditional hierarchies.
Middle Eastern Ambition Meets African Potential
The UAE is not extending this initiative from altruism alone. It reflects a deeper recognition that the next wave of global economic growth will emerge from regions whose populations are young, urbanising, and digitally hungry. Africa’s urban centres, Lagos, Nairobi, Johannesburg, Addis Ababa, Accra are becoming hubs of digital entrepreneurship even without large state subsidies. By supporting AI infrastructure across the continent, the UAE is positioning itself as an anchor of the Global South’s digital transformation.
There is also strategic logic at play. As the Middle East diversifies away from oil, AI is becoming a soft-power instrument, a way to build long-term alliances, expand economic corridors, and influence global governance conversations. Africa, for its part, benefits by accessing capital and expertise without the ideological preconditions that often accompany Western or Bretton Woods financing. This alignment produces a geopolitical partnership that is pragmatic, non-patronising, and centred on mutual gain.
Africa’s AI Future Cannot Be Outsourced
Yet the success of this partnership will depend on African agency. AI cannot simply be imported; it must be integrated into national strategies, supported by skilled talent, and regulated through frameworks that protect citizens. African nations need to ensure that data governance, intellectual property rights, and local technological ecosystems remain at the centre of AI adoption. South-South cooperation offers a path forward, but only if African states treat AI as a sovereign capability rather than a purchased service.
What is clear, however, is that the Global South is no longer waiting for permission to enter the AI arena. The UAE’s investment marks a turning point: Africa and the Middle East are not just participants in the future of AI, they are shaping its geography, its politics, and its possibilities.
Written By:
Chloe Maluleke
Associate at BRICS+ Consulting Group
Russian & Middle Eastern Specialist
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