The South African Medical Association is expressing concern about a significant increase in flu cases as winter’s icy grip takes hold of South Africa.
This seasonal increase has drawn significant attention to the influenza virus, its various types, symptoms, and the measures we can take to protect ourselves during the colder months.
What is influenza?
The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) defines influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, as an acute respiratory illness caused by an infection of the respiratory tract.
The flu is not just a simple cold; it can lead to severe health complications, especially in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, young children, and those with pre-existing health conditions.
Two primary types of influenza circulate among humans: Type A and Type B.
Influenza A is particularly concerning this season, with subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) being the most prevalent.
The A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype is often recognised as “swine flu”, a term that can evoke anxiety among the public, especially when reports suggest that the virus is spreading rapidly.
However, medical professionals reassure the public that this strain behaves similarly to other seasonal influenza viruses, and infected individuals should be treated as they would for any typical case of flu.
Importantly, no specific public health interventions are necessary for contact with patients infected with the virus.
Understanding the spread of influenza
Flu is highly infectious and can spread easily from person to person.
Transmission primarily occurs through the inhalation of infected respiratory droplets released when an infected individual sneezes, coughs, or even talks.
It is also possible to contract the virus by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth, eyes, or nose.
This highlights the importance of hygiene practices, particularly during the flu season.
To further understand the spread of the virus, it is essential to note that the flu can be transmitted even before symptoms appear.
This asymptomatic transmission makes it challenging to control outbreaks, as individuals may unknowingly spread the virus to others.
Therefore, maintaining good hygiene practices and being aware of the symptoms is crucial in curbing the spread of influenza.
Recognising the symptoms
Symptoms of influenza generally emerge within one to four days after contraction and can include:
- Sudden onset of fever
- Muscle pains and body aches
- Dry cough
- Sore throat
- Runny nose
- Extreme fatigue
- Headaches
Most cases resolve themselves within a week; however, complications such as pneumonia can lead to severe illness or even death.
Therefore, patients experiencing severe symptoms, particularly those with difficulty breathing or persistent chest pain, should seek hospital admission promptly.
Early intervention can be critical in preventing complications and ensuring a swift recovery.
Prevention is key
While there is no cure for influenza, preventative measures can significantly reduce the risk of infection.
The most effective way to ward off the flu is through vaccination.
The flu vaccine contains an inactivated virus and is harmless, becoming effective approximately two weeks post-administration. Ideally, the vaccine should be taken in March or April, before the onset of flu season.
However, it is never too late to vaccinate as long as the virus remains active in the community.
In addition to vaccination, there are several other preventative measures individuals can take to protect themselves and others:
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Practice Good Hygiene: Regular handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds can help eliminate germs. If soap and water are unavailable, using hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol can be effective.
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Avoid Close Contact: Try to maintain a safe distance from individuals who are sick. If you are unwell, it is advisable to stay at home to prevent spreading the virus to others.
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Cover Your Mouth and Nose: When coughing or sneezing, use a tissue or your elbow to cover your mouth and nose. Dispose of tissues immediately and wash your hands afterwards.
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Stay Informed: Keeping up to date with health advisories and flu activity in your area can help you take necessary precautions.
Home remedies to combat flu symptoms
Alongside vaccinations, several home remedies can help alleviate flu symptoms and provide comfort during illness:
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Chicken Soup: This age-old remedy may not cure your cold but can provide comfort and hydration, easing congestion and preventing dehydration.
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Ginger: Known for its anti-inflammatory properties, ginger can help soothe muscle pain and ease a sore throat. A simple tea made from simmered ginger slices can deliver relief.
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Honey: With antibacterial properties, honey mixed in warm tea with lemon can soothe a sore throat and act as a cough suppressant. However, it is not suitable for infants under one year.
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Garlic: Incorporating garlic into your meals may reduce the severity of cold symptoms and potentially help prevent illness.
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Vitamin C: This antioxidant-rich vitamin bolsters the immune system, with sources including citrus fruits, leafy greens, and bell peppers.
As winter continues its grip on South Africa and flu cases climb, it becomes essential for everyone to take precautions.
Staying informed, getting vaccinated, and opting for tried-and-tested natural remedies can help ensure that the season of colds and flu is less formidable.
By taking proactive steps, we can protect ourselves and our communities from the impact of influenza and enjoy a healthier winter season.
