In recent years, myopia, commonly known as short-sightedness, has become a growing global concern.
This condition, which affects a person’s ability to see distant objects clearly, is now considered an epidemic that is expected to impact nearly half of the world’s population by 2050.
The rise in myopia cases is closely tied to modern lifestyles, particularly the increased use of screens, reduced outdoor activities, and urbanised living.
In South Africa, while statistics on myopia are limited, anecdotal evidence suggests the trend mirrors what’s happening globally. Understanding the causes, risks, and solutions is vital for parents, educators, and healthcare providers to address this growing issue.
Why is myopia on the rise?
According to global studies, myopia currently affects between 25% and 33% of the world’s population. The World Health Organisation (WHO) predicts this could rise to 50% by 2050. Lifestyle changes, particularly in urban environments, play a significant role.
Excessive screen time and near-work activities
Children today are spending more time on tasks that require close focus, such as reading, gaming, and using smartphones or tablets. These activities often take place indoors, away from natural light, which is essential for eye health.
Lack of outdoor time
Research shows that spending more than 14 hours a week outdoors reduces the risk of developing myopia by about 30%.
However, many children in South Africa, particularly in urban areas, spend the majority of their time indoors, whether at school, doing homework, or engaging with screens.
Genetics and family history
Dr Ed Anderson, president of the South African Society for Cataract and Refractive Surgery (SASCRS), explains that myopia is often hereditary. “If one or both parents are short-sighted, the likelihood of their children developing myopia is significantly higher.”
The impact of myopia on children
Myopia often develops during childhood and can worsen until a person’s early 20s. For school-aged children, poor vision can have a profound impact on their education, social development, and overall quality of life.
Dr Helga Abrahamse-Pillay, president of the South African Society for Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (SASPOS), highlights how myopia can hinder a child’s ability to learn.
“A child struggling to see the board, follow sports activities, or recognise distant objects may face challenges not only in their academic performance but also in their behavioural and social interactions.”
Parents and teachers in South Africa are encouraged to be vigilant for signs of myopia, which may include:
- Holding books or devices very close to the face.
- Sitting too close to the television.
- Squinting or straining to see distant objects.
- Rubbing the eyes frequently.
- Disinterest in schoolwork, often mistaken for behavioural issues.
Diagnosing and managing myopia
Early detection is key to managing myopia effectively.
Eye tests, performed by optometrists or ophthalmologists, can determine the extent of the condition and recommend appropriate corrective measures.
Common treatments for myopia
Spectacles: Glasses remain the most common and effective way to correct myopia in both children and adults.
Contact lenses: For older children and adults, contact lenses may be a more practical option, particularly for those with active lifestyles.
Lifestyle changes: Encouraging children to spend more time outdoors and limiting screen time can help slow the progression of myopia.
Advanced treatments some cases, treatments such as orthokeratology (specialised contact lenses worn overnight to reshape the cornea) or low-dose atropine eye drops may be recommended.
During Myopia Awareness Week, from May 23 to 29, the Ophthalmological Society of South Africa (OSSA), in collaboration with SASPOS and SASCRS, is working to shine a spotlight on this issue. The campaign aims to educate South Africans about the risks of myopia and the importance of early intervention.
Anderson stresses the importance of routine eye exams, “Even if your child shows no obvious symptoms, regular eye check-ups are crucial. Early diagnosis can prevent further deterioration and allow for effective treatment.”
What can parents and educators do?
As the prevalence of myopia grows, proactive steps are essential to protect children’s vision:
- Encourage outdoor play: Aim for at least two hours of outdoor activity daily to reduce the risk of myopia.
- Limit screen time: Set boundaries for screen use, including regular breaks during homework or gaming.
- Schedule routine eye tests: Ensure children visit an optometrist annually, especially if there is a family history of myopia.
- Promote healthy habits: Teach children to maintain a safe distance from screens and books while using proper lighting. While the myopia epidemic is a global challenge, it is deeply rooted in lifestyle factors that can be addressed.
The message is clear: small changes in daily habits can lead to big improvements in eye health. Myopia may be on the rise, but with awareness and action, it is a challenge that can be managed effectively.
