{"id":263886,"date":"2024-12-11T13:20:19","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T13:20:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ghanamma.com\/2024\/12\/11\/ghanas-election-system-keeps-women-out-of-parliament-how-to-change-that\/"},"modified":"2024-12-11T13:20:19","modified_gmt":"2024-12-11T13:20:19","slug":"ghanas-election-system-keeps-women-out-of-parliament-how-to-change-that","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ghanamma.com\/2024\/12\/11\/ghanas-election-system-keeps-women-out-of-parliament-how-to-change-that\/","title":{"rendered":"Ghana\u2019s election system keeps women out of parliament. How to change that"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Voters in Ghana elected the country\u2019s first woman vice president, Naana Jane Opoku Agyemang, in early December 2024. Voters also elected John Mahama as president, a man who had served as president before, from 2013 to 2017.<\/p>\n

In that first term as president, Mahama had also appointed the most women cabinet ministers ever in Ghana \u2013 six out of 19. But in the December parliamentary elections, women candidates barely improved upon the 2020 election result. Whereas 40 women \u2013 20 from each of the two major parties \u2013 had been elected in 2020, only 43 women were elected in 2024 \u2013 33 from the National Democratic Congress (NDC) and 10 from the New Patriotic Party (NPP) according to provisional results. There are 276 seats in the country\u2019s parliament. <\/p>\n

This won\u2019t change much until the west African nation addresses certain stumbling blocks, notably Ghana\u2019s single member district or \u201cfirst past the post\u201d electoral system and its lack of a gender quota for parliament.<\/p>\n

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\n <\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Gender parity in national legislatures is a global challenge. Reasons to seek gender parity in parliaments include the following: it is fairer and more democratic; it represents women\u2019s interests better; and it provides role models for girls and young women.<\/p>\n

Gender parity also means a more qualified talent pool from which to draw candidates. That improves the quality of representation for everyone. Through its strategy for Gender Equality and Women\u2019s Empowerment, the African Union has set a goal of full gender equality in all spheres of life across the continent. <\/p>\n

Rwanda is the world leader in women\u2019s representation in parliament. More than 60% of the representatives in its Chamber of Deputies are women. In about a dozen other African countries, women make up 30% or more of the national legislature. Worldwide, 65 countries have national legislatures where women make up 30% or more. <\/p>\n

The factors that have contributed to women\u2019s increased presence in African countries\u2019 parliaments and across the world are well documented. Two of these factors are key: the type of electoral system; and the use of an electoral gender quota. These matter more than gender role socialisation, religion, type of government, or even the gender of the national executive.<\/p>\n

The Ghana experience<\/h2>\n

Ghana\u2019s electoral system \u2013 the single member district or \u201cfirst past the post\u201d system \u2013 is also known by scholars as \u201cwoman unfriendly\u201d (and gender quota unfriendly). It is a significant stumbling block to gender parity. <\/p>\n

The more \u201cwoman friendly\u201d electoral system, widely used around the world, is the proportional representation electoral system. While the single member district system centres on candidates, the proportional representation system focuses on parties. The latter is more open to an electoral gender quota, simply by alternating women\u2019s names with men\u2019s on party lists. Candidate centred electoral systems are more challenging for women candidates. <\/p>\n

Within Ghana\u2019s electoral system, the most effective gender quota is some kind of reserved seat. This was practised in the country for six years until President Kwame Nkrumah was overthrown in 1966. That quota \u2013 legislated through the 1960 Representation of the People (Women Members) Act \u2013 was one of the first gender quotas for parliament in Africa and the world. <\/p>\n

As a political scientist and a sociologist, we have conducted and published extensive research on what, along with the factors already discussed, keeps women out of parliament in Ghana.<\/p>\n

In Ghana, as in other countries, candidate recruitment and selection begin with party primaries. While party primaries have evolved over the last 30 years in Ghana, they are not open to most voters. They are also often subject to manipulation, putting some candidates at a disadvantage. <\/p>\n

Moreover, there are documented barriers to women choosing to stand. These include the high financial cost (women generally have fewer resources and less access to resources than men), and a pervasive \u201cpolitics of insult\u201d (which also affects men but is even more vicious towards women). There is also an understanding by many potential women candidates that Ghana\u2019s weak \u201chybrid\u201d legislature may not be the best place to accomplish one\u2019s goals (whether for a sector, profession, organisation or constituency). <\/p>\n

Electoral violence is also a concern in Ghana. Of the candidates we surveyed in a 2024 study, 95% said they had experienced degrading talk and false rumours, among other types of political violence. However, both male and female candidates also told us this would not keep them from standing for office. <\/p>\n

A safe seat strategy<\/h2>\n

In 2024, according to Ghana\u2019s Electoral Commission, 118 out of 918 candidates for parliament (about 12.8%) are women. This suggests there will be about the same number of women parliamentarians in the upcoming parliament as in the outgoing one. This is because when women stand for office (in Ghana and elsewhere), they win in proportion to their candidacies. In other words, if they are 10% of candidates, they will win 10% of positions (meaning voters do not discriminate against women candidates).<\/p>\n

What can be done to increase women\u2019s representation in Ghana\u2019s parliament? The country could change its electoral system to a proportional representation system and adopt an electoral gender quota. Neither of these provisions is part of the recently adopted Affirmative Action Bill, and neither seems likely in Ghana. <\/p>\n

Nearby Sierra Leone changed its electoral system in 2023 from a single member district system to a proportional representation system in addition to a 30% gender quota. This was done with the goal of electing 30% women. Following the election, women\u2019s representation in Sierra Leone\u2019s parliament increased from 12.5% to about 29.5%. And, elsewhere in the west Africa region, Senegal has had a gender parity law for parliament since 2010. <\/p>\n

In Ghana, as in other countries, the primary responsibility for candidate recruitment and selection lies with political parties. Research has shown that more open party primary processes, such as the one held in 2016 by the then governing National Democratic Congress, will bring in more women candidates. <\/p>\n

The new Affirmative Action Bill barely mentions parliament. Rather, political parties are exhorted to meet the general equity targets set out in the bill. For example, with regard to \u201cthe sponsorship of candidates for election\u201d and \u201cthe appointment or election of party officials\u201d, though there is no guidance on how this is to be achieved or what happens (\u201csanctions for non-compliance\u201d) if general goals (30%, 35% or 50% women) are not met.<\/p>\n

A \u201csafe seats strategy\u201d (making sure women are nominated for those constituencies that a party knows it will win) could help. Such a strategy has been mooted in the past in Ghana, but not accepted by political parties. Assuming no changes to the electoral system or the adoption of an electoral gender quota, political parties in Ghana will have to take the initiative in improving women\u2019s representation in parliament.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Voters in Ghana elected the country\u2019s first woman vice president, Naana Jane Opoku Agyemang, in early December 2024. Voters also elected John Mahama as president, a man who had served as president before, from 2013 to 2017. In that first term as president, Mahama had also appointed the most women cabinet ministers ever in Ghana […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":263887,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-263886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-top-news"],"yoast_head":"\nGhana\u2019s election system keeps women out of parliament. 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